Turn your dream into reality. Own that new car you have always desired, with a little help from us. We offer loans up to 90% of the ex-showroom price of the car. Our interest rates would pleasantly surprise you. What's more, you can take up to 5 years to repay the loan.
Worried about paperwork? Relax. The process for getting a loan involves only a few simple steps and we will tailor-make the loan to suit your needs.
Loan on the Strength of Your Income: Submit income proofs as required and avail finance up to 90% of the ex-showroom price of the car.*
Car Loans with Fixed Interest Rates: ICICI Bank offers new car loans with fixed rate option only.
Disclaimer:"ICICI Bank may, at its sole discretion, utilise the services of external service provider/s or agent/s and on such terms as required or necessary, in relation to its products
We finance up to 90% of the ex-showroom price of the car.
The Loan amount also depends on the car model. Higher loan amounts are available under specific enhanced income eligibility criteria
Wednesday, November 11, 2009
Sunday, November 8, 2009
FOREIGN EXCHANGE
The foreign exchange market (currency, forex, or FX) trades currencies. It lets banks and other institutions easily buy and sell currencies. [1]
The purpose of the foreign exchange market is to help international trade and investment. A foreign exchange market helps businesses convert one currency to another. For example, it permits a U.S. business to import European goods and pay Euros, even though the business's income is in U.S. dollars.
In a typical foreign exchange transaction a party purchases a quantity of one currency by paying a quantity of another currency. The modern foreign exchange market started forming during the 1970s when countries gradually switched to floating exchange rates from the previous exchange rate regime, which remained fixed as per the Bretton Woods system.
The foreign exchange market is the largest and most liquid financial market in the world. Traders include large banks, central banks, currency speculators, corporations, governments, and other financial institutions. The average daily volume in the global foreign exchange and related markets is continuously growing. Daily turnover was reported to be over US$3.2 trillion in April 2007 by the Bank for International Settlements. [2] Since then, the market has continued to grow. According to Euromoney's annual FX Poll, volumes grew a further 41% between 2007 and 2008.[3]
Of the $3.98 trillion daily global turnover, trading in London accounted for around $1.36 trillion, or 34.1% of the total, making London by far the global center for foreign exchange. In second and third places respectively, trading in New York accounted for 16.6%, and Tokyo accounted for 6.0%.[4] In addition to "traditional" turnover, $2.1 trillion was traded in derivatives.
Exchange-traded FX futures contracts were introduced in 1972 at the Chicago Mercantile Exchange and are actively traded relative to most other futures contracts.
Several other developed countries also permit the trading of FX derivative products (like currency futures and options on currency futures) on their exchanges. All these developed countries already have fully convertible capital accounts. Most emerging countries do not permit FX derivative products on their exchanges in view of prevalent controls on the capital accounts. However, a few select emerging countries (e.g., Korea, South Africa, India—[1]; [2]) have already successfully experimented with the currency futures exchanges, despite having some controls on the capital account
The purpose of the foreign exchange market is to help international trade and investment. A foreign exchange market helps businesses convert one currency to another. For example, it permits a U.S. business to import European goods and pay Euros, even though the business's income is in U.S. dollars.
In a typical foreign exchange transaction a party purchases a quantity of one currency by paying a quantity of another currency. The modern foreign exchange market started forming during the 1970s when countries gradually switched to floating exchange rates from the previous exchange rate regime, which remained fixed as per the Bretton Woods system.
The foreign exchange market is the largest and most liquid financial market in the world. Traders include large banks, central banks, currency speculators, corporations, governments, and other financial institutions. The average daily volume in the global foreign exchange and related markets is continuously growing. Daily turnover was reported to be over US$3.2 trillion in April 2007 by the Bank for International Settlements. [2] Since then, the market has continued to grow. According to Euromoney's annual FX Poll, volumes grew a further 41% between 2007 and 2008.[3]
Of the $3.98 trillion daily global turnover, trading in London accounted for around $1.36 trillion, or 34.1% of the total, making London by far the global center for foreign exchange. In second and third places respectively, trading in New York accounted for 16.6%, and Tokyo accounted for 6.0%.[4] In addition to "traditional" turnover, $2.1 trillion was traded in derivatives.
Exchange-traded FX futures contracts were introduced in 1972 at the Chicago Mercantile Exchange and are actively traded relative to most other futures contracts.
Several other developed countries also permit the trading of FX derivative products (like currency futures and options on currency futures) on their exchanges. All these developed countries already have fully convertible capital accounts. Most emerging countries do not permit FX derivative products on their exchanges in view of prevalent controls on the capital accounts. However, a few select emerging countries (e.g., Korea, South Africa, India—[1]; [2]) have already successfully experimented with the currency futures exchanges, despite having some controls on the capital account
Monday, November 2, 2009
UNLIMITED DOMAIN HOSTING
Manashosting helps you to create large websiteswithout worrying about ‘ceiling’ or in other words,the upper limit. It provides for Unlimited spaceusages and bandwidth that allows you to addany amount of content to the website. Peopleare thinking that hard disk size limited as80 GB ,200 GB . But how Manashostinggiving unlimited web space
With Managed Hosting, you get all the flexibility you need to customize your OS, servers and devices without having to troubleshoot, patch, monitor, backup or worry about the hardware and network. Our experts do all of that for you around the clock
Built to Your Specs and Supported by Our Experts 24x7x365
If you're ready to be relieved from many of the headaches and expenses that come with supporting your server configuration, we're more than ready to help out. Heck, we'll be ecstatic to patch your server, monitor it, backup your data and more. Check out a few of our more popular configs below
Expert Support However and Whenever You Need It
A lot of managed hosting providers say they will support you 24x7x365. The question is, how do they define 24x7x365 support? Usually, they're pretty loose with their interpretation of the phrase. At Rackspace, it doesn't matter if it's 2PM or 2AM. You and your Managed Hosting solutions will always be taken care of by people that know what they're doing.We don't have one person answering your support tickets or a handful of non-experts manning the phones. We have hundreds of experts available at all times to support your OS and hardware. You even have your own dedicated Rackspace Support Team built around your technical and business needs. They perform as an extension of your business and make sure that we deliver on The Fanatical Support Promise
With Managed Hosting, you get all the flexibility you need to customize your OS, servers and devices without having to troubleshoot, patch, monitor, backup or worry about the hardware and network. Our experts do all of that for you around the clock
Built to Your Specs and Supported by Our Experts 24x7x365
If you're ready to be relieved from many of the headaches and expenses that come with supporting your server configuration, we're more than ready to help out. Heck, we'll be ecstatic to patch your server, monitor it, backup your data and more. Check out a few of our more popular configs below
Expert Support However and Whenever You Need It
A lot of managed hosting providers say they will support you 24x7x365. The question is, how do they define 24x7x365 support? Usually, they're pretty loose with their interpretation of the phrase. At Rackspace, it doesn't matter if it's 2PM or 2AM. You and your Managed Hosting solutions will always be taken care of by people that know what they're doing.We don't have one person answering your support tickets or a handful of non-experts manning the phones. We have hundreds of experts available at all times to support your OS and hardware. You even have your own dedicated Rackspace Support Team built around your technical and business needs. They perform as an extension of your business and make sure that we deliver on The Fanatical Support Promise
Friday, October 30, 2009
MARGIN TRADING-FOREX
Margin Trading
Margin" literally means a difference, or reserve. In this sense, margin trading is to trade securities backed by a deposit of money (the deposit serves as collateral to your account). The margin is measured in percentages from the total value of the position, for example a 1% margin of a 1000-lot position is equal to 10 lots
How to trade on margin
You could trade on margin stocks, currencies or indices. The key feature of margin trading is that if you would like to buy 1000 IBM shares with a total value of $94 450, for example, you do not need to possess the full amount in your account in order to do this.
stock trading
If for example, the required margin is 30%, you need to have $30 in your account in order to buy stock valued at $100. When a deal is closed, the client’s account undergoes certain changes:
Let’s say that you have $1000 and would like to buy 10 IBM shares. Share price is $94.45 and therefore the total transaction value is $944.50. If the required margin is 30%, then the amount you should have in your account is $283.35. This means that this amount remains blocked in your account and the remaining $716.65 remains at your disposal for trading other stocks, currencies or indices.
In case that share price increases by $1.50 to $95.95, you will realize a gain of $15. These $15 are added to the $731.65 and the blocked $283.25 gives you a new account total of $1015.
currency trading
Let the margin be 1% and funds available in your account are 1000 BGN. You could trade currency in lots, where 1 lot equals 2000 USD (or 2000 of any other currency). You would like to buy 15 lots or $30 000 at a market exchange rate of USD/BGN 1.2550. In order to conclude the deal, you need to have a margin of 376.50 BGN in your account (calculated through the current USD/BGN exchange rate). The remaining 623.50 BGN are free funds you could use to trade other currencies, shares of indices.
In case that the market exchange rate increases to USD/BGN 1.2590, you realize a profit of 120 BGN which is added to your account. Free funds in your account are now 743.5 BGN and the margin is 376.50 BGN which adds up to a total account balance of 1120 BGN.
trading with stock indices
Let the required margin be 15% and you have $2000 in your account. You would like to buy 1 Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) contract, which at present costs $11 000. In order to conclude the deal you need a margin of $1650 in your account. The remaining $350 is available funds you could use to trade with other indices, currencies or stocks. In case the market price of the contract increases to $11 100, then $100 are added to your account. Funds available for trading increase to $450 and the margin is $1650 so that your total account balance stands at $2100
Margin" literally means a difference, or reserve. In this sense, margin trading is to trade securities backed by a deposit of money (the deposit serves as collateral to your account). The margin is measured in percentages from the total value of the position, for example a 1% margin of a 1000-lot position is equal to 10 lots
How to trade on margin
You could trade on margin stocks, currencies or indices. The key feature of margin trading is that if you would like to buy 1000 IBM shares with a total value of $94 450, for example, you do not need to possess the full amount in your account in order to do this.
stock trading
If for example, the required margin is 30%, you need to have $30 in your account in order to buy stock valued at $100. When a deal is closed, the client’s account undergoes certain changes:
Let’s say that you have $1000 and would like to buy 10 IBM shares. Share price is $94.45 and therefore the total transaction value is $944.50. If the required margin is 30%, then the amount you should have in your account is $283.35. This means that this amount remains blocked in your account and the remaining $716.65 remains at your disposal for trading other stocks, currencies or indices.
In case that share price increases by $1.50 to $95.95, you will realize a gain of $15. These $15 are added to the $731.65 and the blocked $283.25 gives you a new account total of $1015.
currency trading
Let the margin be 1% and funds available in your account are 1000 BGN. You could trade currency in lots, where 1 lot equals 2000 USD (or 2000 of any other currency). You would like to buy 15 lots or $30 000 at a market exchange rate of USD/BGN 1.2550. In order to conclude the deal, you need to have a margin of 376.50 BGN in your account (calculated through the current USD/BGN exchange rate). The remaining 623.50 BGN are free funds you could use to trade other currencies, shares of indices.
In case that the market exchange rate increases to USD/BGN 1.2590, you realize a profit of 120 BGN which is added to your account. Free funds in your account are now 743.5 BGN and the margin is 376.50 BGN which adds up to a total account balance of 1120 BGN.
trading with stock indices
Let the required margin be 15% and you have $2000 in your account. You would like to buy 1 Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) contract, which at present costs $11 000. In order to conclude the deal you need a margin of $1650 in your account. The remaining $350 is available funds you could use to trade with other indices, currencies or stocks. In case the market price of the contract increases to $11 100, then $100 are added to your account. Funds available for trading increase to $450 and the margin is $1650 so that your total account balance stands at $2100
The Forex Trading Course for Currency Trading Strategies
The Forex Trading Course offers a currency trading video that shows you how FAST you can make money trading forex when the 'big dogs' make their move - by shamelessly copying this winning trading group! Peter Bain is renowned for currency trading and will help you succeed in this overwhelming industry. Learning Forex currency trading is easy when you use the best mentors and systems available
Typical currency traders catch only 3 to 4 really great trades a week, if that! Not so with the Forex – especially with Peter Bain's currency trading system. Here, the timeframe is more like a day. And, a Forex currency trader doesn’t have to worry about 7,800 stocks, or 72 commodities, and all the underlying currency trading rules that accompany those tradables
With the Forex, a currency trader only has to think about the 4 major currency pairs – and pure technical analysis. The average daily range of 104 pips ( US$1,040 per lot) for all four pairs far surpasses that of any other currency trading market. It also has a much longer “length of line” (intraday swings), which offers more “swing-trading” opportunities. There is a lot of action for both the currency trading novice and professional alike. Salad days are here at the Forex!
What you will learn from this video Forex course
Why the Forex is the perfect currency tradingHow to implement the Pivot system used by floor traders market
How to implement the Pivot system used by floor traders
How to gauge price action with powerful filters
Learn how the Euro puts $700 on the table daily
How to swing trade the Forex's trendy run ups and downs
How to use MACD to confirm price action
How to use dealer station software
How to use the pivot system to trade the Forex with up to 70% accuracy
How to recognize "iron-clad" Forex signals and profit big time!
How to avoid the pitfalls of "dumb money"
How to implement your stop loss strategies and protect your money while currency trading
How to use winning chart patterns in conjunction with the pivot points
Supports and Resistances: how to trade them in the Forex
How to follow daily steps for success
How to recognize false buy/sell signals
Review an entire month of trading examples
Typical currency traders catch only 3 to 4 really great trades a week, if that! Not so with the Forex – especially with Peter Bain's currency trading system. Here, the timeframe is more like a day. And, a Forex currency trader doesn’t have to worry about 7,800 stocks, or 72 commodities, and all the underlying currency trading rules that accompany those tradables
With the Forex, a currency trader only has to think about the 4 major currency pairs – and pure technical analysis. The average daily range of 104 pips ( US$1,040 per lot) for all four pairs far surpasses that of any other currency trading market. It also has a much longer “length of line” (intraday swings), which offers more “swing-trading” opportunities. There is a lot of action for both the currency trading novice and professional alike. Salad days are here at the Forex!
What you will learn from this video Forex course
Why the Forex is the perfect currency tradingHow to implement the Pivot system used by floor traders market
How to implement the Pivot system used by floor traders
How to gauge price action with powerful filters
Learn how the Euro puts $700 on the table daily
How to swing trade the Forex's trendy run ups and downs
How to use MACD to confirm price action
How to use dealer station software
How to use the pivot system to trade the Forex with up to 70% accuracy
How to recognize "iron-clad" Forex signals and profit big time!
How to avoid the pitfalls of "dumb money"
How to implement your stop loss strategies and protect your money while currency trading
How to use winning chart patterns in conjunction with the pivot points
Supports and Resistances: how to trade them in the Forex
How to follow daily steps for success
How to recognize false buy/sell signals
Review an entire month of trading examples
Wednesday, October 28, 2009
JOBS IN USA FOR PHARMACY STUDENTS
Staff Pharmacist
No International Candidates Accepted For This Position ** Provide your clientele with the best total wellness experience possible in an environment that welcomes an entrepreneurial inclination. Work alongside a Managing Partner / Pharmacy Store Operator and learn the ‘business’ then – when you are ready
QA Compliance Consultant
We are currently looking for individuals for a cGMP client for a short term Quality Assurance/Quality Control consulting assignment in the Montreal, Canada area
Pharmacist
5 Pharmacist needed ASAP. The store is open 8 am to midnight everyday. The midnight and weekends are shared equally amongst the 5 pharmacists. The hours would be 40 per week or if preferred could be 32. There is an 8 hour overlap of pharmacists every day
Sales & Marketing
The Global work and travel co. Is currently seeking highly motivated commissioned sales representatives to sell amazing working holiday packages!! If...
Occupational Therapist
Desired Candidate Profile Must hold Post Baccalureate Degree in Occupational Therapy and relevant experience of minimum 1 year in a big hospital....
Physical Therapist
Desired Candidate Profile Must hold Masters degree in Phsical Therapy and relevant experience of minimum 1 year in a big hospital. Must...
Nursing USA
Nursing Opportunities to USA Are you a Nurse? Working in a hospital as a bedside Nurse. Dreaming about USA Immigration? Then we
Registered Nurses for USA
Candidate will work as a Registered Nurse in United States of America in any of the facility of HCA (Hospital Corporation
Business Object Solutions Architect
Must be a graduate of any four year IT related course - Experience/expertise in Business Objects and SAP - Can build
Teamcenter consultant
You will be responsible for implementing customer requirements in Teamcenter Enginerring / Unified The tasks might include Develop / Analyse customer use ca
Project/Office Manager
Advantage SCI, a rapidly growing professional & privately-held services firm, is seeking a motivated and skilled project/office manager to manage corporate,...
Outside Sales Representative II -CommData Market
As one of the largest employee-owned companies in North America Graybar, a premier distributor of Electrical and CommData products, offers exciting
Customer Assistant
Take advantage of our paid training and wide range of career possibilities. AT&T offers a competitive salary and benefits that include...
Inside Sales Representative II - Electrical Market
Take your talent to the next level with a company that knows how to succeed. If your`e not afraid to roll...
Pediatrician
Private practice group seeking fourth pediatrician. Call is 1 in 4. Primarily outpatient work with about 15% inpatient work. Join a
Compliance Coordinator
This position will provide compliance assurance through the review of records to include batch documentation, training records, calibration records, standard op...
Configuration/Change Management Analyst
The ideal candidate will manage, configure and support software and patch distribution projects. •The IT Specialist will manage, configure, tune, report...-27
Quality Control Engineer
In this role you will perform technical and compliance reviews of production records to assist in the timely release of raw...
No International Candidates Accepted For This Position ** Provide your clientele with the best total wellness experience possible in an environment that welcomes an entrepreneurial inclination. Work alongside a Managing Partner / Pharmacy Store Operator and learn the ‘business’ then – when you are ready
QA Compliance Consultant
We are currently looking for individuals for a cGMP client for a short term Quality Assurance/Quality Control consulting assignment in the Montreal, Canada area
Pharmacist
5 Pharmacist needed ASAP. The store is open 8 am to midnight everyday. The midnight and weekends are shared equally amongst the 5 pharmacists. The hours would be 40 per week or if preferred could be 32. There is an 8 hour overlap of pharmacists every day
Sales & Marketing
The Global work and travel co. Is currently seeking highly motivated commissioned sales representatives to sell amazing working holiday packages!! If...
Occupational Therapist
Desired Candidate Profile Must hold Post Baccalureate Degree in Occupational Therapy and relevant experience of minimum 1 year in a big hospital....
Physical Therapist
Desired Candidate Profile Must hold Masters degree in Phsical Therapy and relevant experience of minimum 1 year in a big hospital. Must...
Nursing USA
Nursing Opportunities to USA Are you a Nurse? Working in a hospital as a bedside Nurse. Dreaming about USA Immigration? Then we
Registered Nurses for USA
Candidate will work as a Registered Nurse in United States of America in any of the facility of HCA (Hospital Corporation
Business Object Solutions Architect
Must be a graduate of any four year IT related course - Experience/expertise in Business Objects and SAP - Can build
Teamcenter consultant
You will be responsible for implementing customer requirements in Teamcenter Enginerring / Unified The tasks might include Develop / Analyse customer use ca
Project/Office Manager
Advantage SCI, a rapidly growing professional & privately-held services firm, is seeking a motivated and skilled project/office manager to manage corporate,...
Outside Sales Representative II -CommData Market
As one of the largest employee-owned companies in North America Graybar, a premier distributor of Electrical and CommData products, offers exciting
Customer Assistant
Take advantage of our paid training and wide range of career possibilities. AT&T offers a competitive salary and benefits that include...
Inside Sales Representative II - Electrical Market
Take your talent to the next level with a company that knows how to succeed. If your`e not afraid to roll...
Pediatrician
Private practice group seeking fourth pediatrician. Call is 1 in 4. Primarily outpatient work with about 15% inpatient work. Join a
Compliance Coordinator
This position will provide compliance assurance through the review of records to include batch documentation, training records, calibration records, standard op...
Configuration/Change Management Analyst
The ideal candidate will manage, configure and support software and patch distribution projects. •The IT Specialist will manage, configure, tune, report...-27
Quality Control Engineer
In this role you will perform technical and compliance reviews of production records to assist in the timely release of raw...
Tuesday, October 27, 2009
Career in pharmacy
“There is a myth that all those who nurse ambitions of becoming doctors but fail, end up in Pharmacy. Nothing can be further from truth. In fact, if there were not pharmacists there would not be drugs that doctors could prescribed. Pharmacy has everything to do with drugs : right form their origin, preparation, effects and side effects, dispensing and laws concerning medicines
STUDY
The Pharmacy Council of India is a statutory body constituted under the Pharmacy Act of 1948. According to the Union ministry for health and family welfare, the council is responsible for prescription, regulation and maintenance of minimum educational standards for the
training of pharmacists uniformly in the country. It prescribes the syllabus and norms, for the institutions, and the regulations for diploma course in pharmacy and undertakes the registration of pharmacists. Some of the Indian universities like the University of Pune, Nagpur, Vadodara, Chandigarh etc., have given a special status to the pharmacy education by setting up a separate
faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences. In India Pharmacy Education is a two-tier system. After 12th Science of State Board or CBSE Board one can opt for any of the two courses, namely Diploma (D.Pharm.) and Degree (B.Pharm). Selection to B. Pharma is by merit in competitive exams which is conducted along with medical
CAREER OPPORTUNITIES
A career in pharmacy, unfolds a vista full of opportunities leading to a golden future for a young career aspirant. The job opportunities, working conditions, job satisfaction and monetary benefits are excellent. Research and development have dramatically changed the role of pharmacy in patient treatment over the past fifty years. Today, the profession embraces the concept of pharmaceutical care: pharmacists are directly responsible for achieving definite outcomes which improve a patient’s quality of life. Pharmacists, in collaboration with
physicians and other health professionals, develop, implement, and monitor a therapeutic plan to ensure specific outcomes. Closely involved in the selection of pharmaceutical products, they assess therapeutic plans and counsel patients on appropriate uses of medication
STUDY
The Pharmacy Council of India is a statutory body constituted under the Pharmacy Act of 1948. According to the Union ministry for health and family welfare, the council is responsible for prescription, regulation and maintenance of minimum educational standards for the
training of pharmacists uniformly in the country. It prescribes the syllabus and norms, for the institutions, and the regulations for diploma course in pharmacy and undertakes the registration of pharmacists. Some of the Indian universities like the University of Pune, Nagpur, Vadodara, Chandigarh etc., have given a special status to the pharmacy education by setting up a separate
faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences. In India Pharmacy Education is a two-tier system. After 12th Science of State Board or CBSE Board one can opt for any of the two courses, namely Diploma (D.Pharm.) and Degree (B.Pharm). Selection to B. Pharma is by merit in competitive exams which is conducted along with medical
CAREER OPPORTUNITIES
A career in pharmacy, unfolds a vista full of opportunities leading to a golden future for a young career aspirant. The job opportunities, working conditions, job satisfaction and monetary benefits are excellent. Research and development have dramatically changed the role of pharmacy in patient treatment over the past fifty years. Today, the profession embraces the concept of pharmaceutical care: pharmacists are directly responsible for achieving definite outcomes which improve a patient’s quality of life. Pharmacists, in collaboration with
physicians and other health professionals, develop, implement, and monitor a therapeutic plan to ensure specific outcomes. Closely involved in the selection of pharmaceutical products, they assess therapeutic plans and counsel patients on appropriate uses of medication
PHARMACY MANFACTURERS IN ANDHRAPRADESH
Aditus Laboratories Ltd. 12-13-483/3012, Ground Floor, Nagarujuna Nagar, Tarnaka,Secunderabad-500 017 (A.P.) Phone: 040-27151238 Fax: 27151258 E-mail: aditus232@yahoo.com
Akin Laboratories (P) Ltd. S-11, Phase-II, T.I.E. Bala Nagar, Hyderabad - 500 037Phone: 040-23079304, 23720999, Fax: 040-23720989E-mail : hydl akinlabs@sancharnet.in
Alka Pharmaceuticals,4-114/31/1, Ravinder Nagar, Lane No. 5, Near Public School,Ramanthapur, Hyderabad-500 013 (A.P.)Phone: 040-27038285 Fax: 040-27201350, E-mail: sain@pol.net.in
Alphine PharmaceuticalsPlot No. 66-B-1, I.D.A. Jeedimetla, Hyderabad- 500 855. Phone: 040-23095339.
AMTEC HEALTHCARE PVT LTD. 1st floor, Damayanthi Chambers, Opp: New MLA Quarters,Hillport Road, Adarshanagar, Hyderabad- 500063, A. P.Phone: 040-30288844 to 48, E-mail: info@amtechealthcare.comWebsite: http://www.amtechealthcare.com/
ANNAPURNA BIO-VED PVT. LTD. 16-10-227, Annapurna Nilayam, Old Malakpet, Hyderabad-500036 (A.P.).Phone: 040-24243338, 24549755, Fax:040-24243338E-mail: abvinfo@annapurnabioved.com, Website: http://www.annapurnabioved.com/
Apar Laboratories Pvt. Ltd. 7-1-77, Flat No. A-6, Jyothi Apartments, Dhvam Kavam Road, Ameerpet, Hyderabad-500 016Phone: 040-55757601 (F) 55767602 Fax: 23745155E-mail: aparlabs@gmail.com Website: http://www.aparlabs.com/
Apollo Health Street Ltd. 1st Floor, Academic Bldg., Apollo Hospital Complex, Jubilee Hills, Hyderabad-500 033. Phone: 040-23607777, Fax: 040-23554353
Arch Pharmalabs Ltd. Sainath, 389, Road No. 14, Banzara Hills, Hyderabad-34 (A.P.)Phone: 040-23551840 (O), 08455-233993 (F), Fax: 040-23551840
Astha Laboratories Pvt. Ltd. B-1, Industrial Estat, Sanathnagar, Hyderabad-500018.Phone: 91-40-23714155, 231714111 Fax: 91-40-23703421E-mail: asthalab@satyam.net.in
AUCTUS PHARMA PVT. LTD. # 102, 1st Floor, Aditya Trade Centre, Ameerpet, Hyderabad-500038, Phone: 040-55361958 / 59, TeleFax: 040-23757626, E-mail: auctus@sify.comneomed@rediffmail.com, Website: http://www.auctuspharma.com/
AUROBINDO PHARMA LTD. Plot No. 02, Maitri Vihar, Ameerpet, Hyderabad-500 038Phone: 040-66725000, Fax: 040-23741080 / 23746883E-mail: info@aurobindo.com, Website: http://www.aurobindo.com/
Avanti Laboratories Ltd. 1-11-94/3/3, Flat No. 4, Field View, Bombay Halwa Compound Shamlal Lane, Begumpet, Hyderabad-500 016 (A.P.)Phone: 040-27761588 Fax: 040-27765114E-mail: avantilabs2003@yahoo.com / avantilabs@rediffmail.com
Bactolac Formulations Pvt.Ltd. 2-73/2, Chaitanya Puri, Hyderabad- 500 060. Phone: 040-24047661, 24048621, Fax: 040-24040093E-mail: hyd2_bactolac@sancharnet.in
Bharat Bioteck International Ltd. Genome Valley Shameerpet Mahandal, Hyderabad - 500078,Phone: 040 - 23480567, Fax: 040-23480560E-mail: info@bharatbiotech.com, Web - http://www.bharatbiotech.com/
BIOCHEMICAL & SYNTHETIC PRODUCTS LIMITEDSanathnagar, Hyderabad - 500 018, (A.P.)Phone: 040-23772631 / 23772633 / 23771699, Fax: 23772632E-mail - hyd2_biosynth@sancharnet.in / info@bio-synth.comWebsite: http://www.bio-synth.com/
Biological E. Ltd. 18/1 & 3, Azamabad, Hyderabad-500 020. Phones : 040-27603742, 30214113, Fax: 27630307, 27675003E-mail: intl@biologicale.co.in, anupsinha@biological.co.in,Website: http://www.biologicale.com/
Biomax Lifesciences Ltd. S-5-35/206, Prasanth Nagar, 1E, Kukatpally, Hyderabad-500072Phone: 040-23073180, 23074341, 23720555 Fax: 23074099E-mail: info@biomaxls.com Website: http://www.biomaxls.com/
B. L. Pharma Ltd. Plot No. 29 & 30, Co-Operative Bank Colony,Road No. 16, Sainagar, Nagole, Hyderabad-500 068Phone: 040-24221934 Fax: 040-24221440
Borra Foods and Pharmaceuticals Plot No. 18 & 19, Ravindra Nagar, Nacharm,Hyderabad-500 076. Phones : 040-27152157, 27157749, 27150915, E-mail : borrafoods@satyam.net.in
BRILLIANT INDUSTRIES LIMITED6 - 2 - 1012, TGV Manison, 3rd Floor, Khairatabad,Hyderabad - 500 004 (A.P.), Phone: 040-66667464, Fax : 040-66104915, 23313875, E-mail: info@brilliantindustries.org,Website: http://www.brilliantindustries.org/
Brilliant Industries LimitedPlot No. 97, 98, 276 & 277, I.D.A. Pashamailaram, Patancheru, Madak (Dist)-502 307 A.P.Phone: 08455-226038, 225036 Fax: 08455-225037E-mail: info@brilliantindustries.org
Buji Pharma Pvt. Ltd. 1-4-880-1-B, Gandhi Nagar, Hyderabad-500 038. Phones : 040-22612038, 22612598
Channel Pharma3-5-676, Hanuman temple Lane, Vittalwadi, Narayanaguda, Hyderabad-500 029, TeleFax: 040-66838066E-mail: channelpharma@rediffmail.com
Chemiloids 40-15-14, Brindavan Colony, Labbipet, Vijayawada-520 010. Phone: 0866-2473468, 2476561, 5568001, Fax: 0866-2475278.
Cheminor Drugs Ltd. 7-1-27, Ameerpet, Hyderabad-500 016.
Cheminnova Remedies Pvt. Ltd. Dedicated Batalactum Formulation Facility8-20, Sy. No. : 296/7/11, Bollaram, Medak - Dist - 502320Phone: 040-23079081, 23079834 Fax: 040-23076676, 23078369 E-mail : itsvasu@hotmail.com, Website : http://www.cheminnova.com/
Chemtronik Enterprises 16-11-20/4/1/2, Saleem Nagar Colony, New Malakpet, Hyderabad-500 036.
COREY ORGANICS LIMITED100/2RT, Sanjeevareddy Nagar, Hyderabad- 500038. A.P. Mobile: 9848831345 TeleFax: 040-23715528, 2370 1738 E-mail: rajkumarreddy1@eth.net, info@chavadipharma.comWebsite: http://www.chavadipharma.com/
COREY ORGANICS LIMITEDShed No. 7, I. D. A., Kothur, Mahaboobnagar Dist -509228, A.P.Phone: 31006357
Coronet Labs Pvt. Ltd. 7-1-77, A-6, Jyoti Apartments, D. K. Road, Ameerpet, Hyderabad-16, Phone: 040-55757601 Fax: 040-23745155E-mail: coronetlabs@gmail.com
Cortex Laboratories Pvt. Ltd. 3-11-1 / 1, L. B. Nagar, Hyderabad-500 074Phone: 040-24036379 Fax: 040-24037783
COVALENT LABORATORIES PVT. LTD. # 8-3-677/18, 2nd Floor, S.K.D Nagar, Yellareddy Guda, Hyderabad-500073, Andhra Pradesh.Phone: 040-23738492 / 93 / 94 Fax: 040-23738496.E-mail: enquiry@covalentlab.com / covalentlabs@rediffmail.comWebsite: http://www.covalentlab.com/
Covalent Laboratories Pvt. Ltd. Survey No. 374, Gundla Machanoor Village, Hathnoor Mandal, Medak Dist., A.P. Phone: 08455-233853, 233935
CRESCENT THERAPEUTICS LTD. H.No. 4-7-11/4/B, Crescent Towers, Raghavendra Nagar, Nacharam, Hyderabad-500076, Phone: 040-27178843, 27170830, 27171067, Fax: 27176442, E-mail: crescent_ltd.@sify.com,crecent@satyam.net.in
Davidson Pharmaceuticals,Plot No. 110/B, Road No. 5,Krishna Nagar, HB Colony,Moulali, Hyderabad-500 040 (A.P.) Phone: 09246108385
Deepti Formulations (P) Ltd. 7-102/25, Sai Enclave Colony, Habsiguda, Hyderabad - 500 007.Phone: 044-27173782, 27176440, (M) 9849977946
Destin Laboratries Pvt. Ltd. 6 - 3 - 597/11, Sai Nath Apartments, Venkatramana colony, Khairatabad, Hyderabad- 500004, Phone: 0184-2201443, Mobile: 09416001443, E-mail: destinlabs@yahoo.com
DISTO PHARMACEUTICALS PVT. LTD. G 4, Subramanyam Estate, Jaffar Ali Bagh, Somajiguda, Hyderabad - 500 082, Phone: 040-55683752, Fax: 23307321E-mail: distopharma@satyam.net.in
DISTO PHARMACEUTICALS PVT. LTD. 12-5-29/2, Opp. Andhra Bank, Tarnaka, Hyderabad - 500 017Phone: 040-2700 0474 / 27001321, Fax: 040-2700 0473Website: http://www.distopharma.com/
Divis Laboratories Ltd. 7-1-77 / E-303, Divi Towers, Dharam Karam Road, Ameerpet, Hyderabad-500 016, Phone: 040-23731318 / 23731760 Fax: 040-23733242, E-mail: divis@hd1,vsnl.net.in, Website: http://www.divislaboratories.com/
DIVIS PHARMACEUTICALS PVT. LTD. Divi Towers, 7-1-77/E/1/303, Dharam Karan Road, Ameerpet,Hyderabad - 500016, Phone: 040-23734841, 2374 3924Fax: 040-23746424, E-mail: hyd2_diviss@sancharnet.ininfo@divispharma.com, Website: http://www.divispharma.com/
DIVIS PHARMACEUTICALS PVT. LTD. Survey No:10, Kazipally Industrial Area, Gaddapotaram Village, Jinnaram Mandal, Medak District, Andhra Pradesh, IndiaTeleFax: 91-(8458)-277227
Bhavishya Pharmaceuticals Pvt. Ltd. 8 - 3 - 677 / 52 / 2, S.K.D. Nagar, Yellareddy Duda, Hyderabad-500073 Phone: 040-23741780
Bhavishya Pharmaceuticals (P) Ltd. Plot No. 120B, S. V. Co-Op. Industrial Estate, I.D.A. Bollaram, Medak District-502 325 (A.P.), Phone: 08458-279921, Fax: 08458-279016, E-mail: bppl89@rediffmail.com / bhavishya@sancharnet.in
Doctor’s Vet-Pharma Pvt. Ltd. Survey No. 263/1, 264/1,P.R. Palem Village, Kavur Mandal, Nellore Dist. A. P.-524137Phone: 0861-5519428, 08622-270653 Fax: 08622-27065 E-mail: doctorsvetpharma@yahoo.com
Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories Ltd. 3rd Floor, My Home Jupally Complex,No. 6 - 3 - 8650, Opp. Hotel Greek Park, Ameerpet, Hyderabad-500 016Phones : 040-26511570- 26511575, Fax: 040-23322683, Website : http://www.drreddys.com/
Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories Ltd. Survey Nos. 42, 45 & 46, Bachupalli,QutubullapurR R Dist 500 072, A.P., Phone: 91-40-2304 5578 to 80 Fax: 91-40-2304 5576, Website: http://www.drreddys.com/
Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories Ltd. 7-127, Ameerpet, Hyderabad-500 016Phone: 040-23731946 Fax: 23731955Website: http://www.drreddys.com/
Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories Ltd. Plot No. 110 & 111, S.V. Co-Op. Ind. Estate, BollaramJinnaram, Medak Dist-502 325 A.P.Phone: 08458-279173, 280058 Fax: 08458-279964E-mail: kharkarmr@drreddys.com Website: http://www.drreddys.com/
Ekophin Laboratories Ltd. 1-7-5, J. P. Castle, Flat No. 301, 302, Chaitanyapuri, Hyderabad-500 060, Phone: 24048232, 27620036 Mobile-9848122856 / 9346315972E-mail: shravanthi1683@rediffmail.com
Elegant Chemical Enterprises Pvt. Ltd. 7-102/26, Sai Enclave Colony, Habshiguda, Hyderabad - 500007Mobile : 98480 25790, E-mail : hyd2eleghyd@sancharnet.in
Elegant Drugs Pvt. Ltd. R.S. No. 59/3A, Hubli-Karwar Highway, Chalmatti-581 204 A.P.TeleFax: 08370283651 E-mail: arunpharm@yahoo.com
Emco Industries3-5-78 / 3, Padmashali Bavan, Rajmohalla, Hyderabad-500 029Phone: 040-24752709/1365 Mobile-9848037447 / 9391006418E-mail: hyd2_emcoin@sancharnet.in
Endoven Products Plot No. 33, Co-op. Industrial Estate Extn., Balanagar, Hyderabad-500 037. Phones : 22895844, 22895939,
Espi Industries & Chemicals Pvt. Ltd. A Block, Huda Complex, Tarnaka, Hyderabad-500 007. Phones : (Offi.) 2868856, 2868852, (Fact.) 2851138
Espi Industries & Chemicals Pvt. Ltd. 7-102/25, Sai Enclave Colony, Habshiguda, Hyderabad - 500 007Mobile : 9848013156 E-mail : hyd2espi@sancharnet.in,
Finch Healthcare Pvt. Ltd. 1-4-879/49, Flat No. 101, Sai Jyothi Place, Gandhinagar, Hyderabad-500080 Phone: 040-27661221, 09849011375E-mail: info@finchhealthcare.comWebsite: http://www.finchhealthcare.com/
Genesis (Divn. of Dr. Reddy’s Labs. Ltd. 7-1-27/1, 203, 2nd Floor, Block C, Srinivasa Complex, Ameerpet, Hyderabad-500 016. Phones : 040-22291946, 22290993, Fax: 040-22290500.
Harika Drugs Pvt. Ltd. 36 / A, Vegalrao Nagar, Hyderabad-500 038Phone: 040-23814863, 23700915 Fax: 23700731E-mail: hyd1_amarbabu@sancharnet.in
Impex India 8-2-333/14A, Road No. 3, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad-500 034. Phone: 040-23542719, Fax: 23548409, Mobile : 31008805E-mail : hyd2_impexin@sancharnet.in, impexindia@sancharnet.in
J. & J. DECHANE LABORATORIES (PVT.) LTD. 4-1-324, Troop Bazar, Residency Road, Hyderabad-500 001. Phones : 24753537, 24753538, 24753539, 24753629, Fax: 040-24753131, E-mail : dechane@eth.netWebsite : http://www.dechane.com/.
Kakatiya PharmaD. No. 7-3-138, Gaganpahad, Old Kurnool Road, Near Railway Gate, Hyderabad-501 323Phone: 040-24360442, 24045180 (R), Cell-09440424885
Lancer PharmaPlot No. 21, 5-36-178/B/C, Prashanth Nagar, IDA, Kukatpally, Hyderabad-500 072Phone: 040-23073023 E-mail: lancerpharma@yahoo.com
MAITHRI LABORATORIES PVT. LTD. Sy. No. 14, Gaddapotharam Village, Jinnaram Mandal, Medak Dist-502 319 (A.P.)Phone: 08458-277090, Fax: 08458-277085Website: http://www.msnlabs.com/
NATCO PHARMA LIMITEDKothur Post, Kothur Mandal, Mahaboobnagar District - 509 228, A.P.Phone : +91-8548-257289 /257173Fax : +91-8548-257290
Ojas Pharma Ltd. 58 / B, Adarshnagar, Hyderabad-500 463Phone: 040-23210086 Fax: 040-23233714
PEARL MERCHANDISE PVT.LTD. #12-106,Flat No.102, “A” Block, Chanakya’s Shelters, Alwal,Secunderabad-500010 (A.P.), Phone: 040-27962563, 65459102Fax: +91-40-27962139, E-mail : info@pearlmerc.comWebsite: http://www.pearlmerc.com/
Rakshit Drugs Pvt. Ltd. 315, Bhanu Enclave, Erragadda, Hyderabad-38Phone: 040-23818158 / 23810385E-mail: sales@rakshitdrugspvtltd.com
Safe Pharmaceuticals Pvt. Ltd. Gollapedu-522 408, Muppalla Mandalam, Dist. Guntur. A.P.Phone: 08647-222633, Fax: 08647-223633
Teena Labs Pvt. Ltd. # 105, 106, Sree Rama Towers, Kukatpally, Hyderabad-500 072Phone: 040-23068027
UNIQUE BIOTECH LIMITEDPlot No. 123, Phase-V, I.D.A., Jeedimetla, Hyderabad - 500 055Phone: 040-2319 3092, Fax: 040-2309 3089E-mail: info@uniquebiotech.com, Website: ww.uniquebiotech.com
Vanguard Therapeutics Pvt. Ltd. 17/3 RT, S.R. Nagar, III Floor, Opp. Lane to Andhra Bank, Hyderabad-500 038. Phones : 040-23715558, 23712692, Fax: 040-23715114.
Waksman Selman Pharmaceuticals 10/343-A, Adimurthy Nagar, Anantpur-515 001 (A.P.)Phone: (08554) 232903, 230097.
YELURI FORMULATIONS PVT LTD. 3rd floor, P.K.R. Complex, 1st Phase, Road No:1, KPHB Colony,Kukatpally, Hyderabad-500072Phone: 040-23150760, Fax : 040-23052419, 40063828E-mail: info@yeluri.net , yeluri@gmail.comWebsite: http://www.yeluri.net/
VIGNESH LIFE SCIENCES PVT LTD. #103, Sharada Residency, H-26, Madhuranagar, Yousufguda, Hyderabad-500038, A.P., TeleFax: 040-23707825, 23814272E-mail: info@vigneshpharma.com, vignesh_pharmaexpo@rediffmail.comWebsite: http://www.vigneshpharma.com/
Y. M. Drugs & Chemical (P) Ltd. Survey No. 506 & 507, D. Nagaram (V), Koyyalagudem (G.P.), Chowtuppal (M), Nalgonda (Dt.)Phone: 040-24048818, 24048819 (O) Fax: 040-24048819
ZENOTECH LABORATORIES LIMITEDPark View Estate, 4th Floor, Road No. 2, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad Phone: 040-2354 0994, Fax: 040 2355 5465E-mail: info@zenotechlabs.com, Website: http://www.zenotechlabs.com/
Monday, October 26, 2009
PNEUMONIA
What is pneumonia?
Pneumonia is an infection of one or both lungs which is usually caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi. Prior to the discovery of antibiotics, one-third of all people who developed pneumonia subsequently died from the infection. Currently, over 3 million people develop pneumonia each year in the United States. Over a half a million of these people are admitted to a hospital for treatment. Although most of these people recover, approximately 5% will die from pneumonia. Pneumonia is the sixth leading cause of death in the United States
How do people "catch pneumonia
Some cases of pneumonia are contracted by breathing in small droplets that contain the organisms that can cause pneumonia. These droplets get into the air when a person infected with these germs coughs or sneezes. In other cases, pneumonia is caused when bacteria or viruses that are normally present in the mouth, throat, or nose inadvertently enter the lung. During sleep, it is quite common for people to aspirate secretions from the mouth, throat, or nose. Normally, the body's reflex response (coughing back up the secretions) and immune system will prevent the aspirated organisms from causing pneumonia. However, if a person is in a weakened condition from another illness, a severe pneumonia can develop. People with recent viral infections, lung disease, heart disease, and swallowing problems, as well as alcoholics, drug users, and those who have suffered a stroke or seizure are at higher risk for developing pneumonia than the general population.
Once organisms enter the lungs, they usually settle in the air sacs of the lung where they rapidly grow in number. This area of the lung then becomes filled with fluid and pus as the body attempts to fight off the infection
What are pneumonia symptoms and signs
Most people who develop pneumonia initially have symptoms of a cold which are then followed by a high fever (sometimes as high as 104 degrees Fahrenheit), shaking chills, and a cough with sputum production. The sputum is usually discolored and sometimes bloody. People with pneumonia may become short of breath. The only pain fibers in the lung are on the surface of the lung, in the area known as the pleura. Chest pain may develop if the outer pleural aspects of the lung are involved. This pain is usually sharp and worsens when taking a deep breath, known as pleuritic pain.
In other cases of pneumonia, there can be a slow onset of symptoms. A worsening cough, headaches, and muscle aches may be the only symptoms. In some people with pneumonia, coughing is not a major symptom because the infection is located in areas of the lung away from the larger airways. At times, the individual's skin color may change and become dusky or purplish (a condition known as "cyanosis") due to their blood being poorly oxygenated.
Children and babies who develop pneumonia often do not have any specific signs of a chest infection but develop a fever, appear quite ill, and can become lethargic. Elderly people may also have few symptoms with pneumonia
Pneumonia may be suspected when the doctor examines the patient and hears coarse breathing or crackling sounds when listening to a portion of the chest with a stethoscope. There may be wheezing, or the sounds of breathing may be faint in a particular area of the chest. A chest x-ray is usually ordered to confirm the diagnosis of pneumonia. The lungs have several segments referred to as lobes, usually two on the left and three on the right. When the pneumonia affects one of these lobes it is often referred to as lobar pneumonia. Some pneumonias have a more patchy distribution that does not involve specific lobes. In the past, when both lungs where involved in the infection, the term "double pneumonia" was used. This term is rarely used today
Sputum samples can be collected and examined under the microscope. If the pneumonia is caused by bacteria or fungi, the organisms can often be detected by this examination. A sample of the sputum can be grown in special incubators, and the offending organism can be subsequently identified. It is important to understand that the sputum specimen must contain little saliva from the mouth and be delivered to the laboratory fairly quickly. Otherwise, overgrowth of noninfecting bacteria may predominate.
A blood test that measures white blood cell count (WBC) may be performed. An individual's white blood cell count can often give a hint as to the severity of the pneumonia and whether it is caused by bacteria or a virus. An increased number of neutrophils, one type of WBC, is seen in bacterial infections, whereas an increase in lymphocytes, another type of WBC, is seen in viral infections.
Bronchoscopy is a procedure in which a thin, flexible, lighted viewing tube is inserted into the nose or mouth after a local anesthetic is administered. The breathing passages can then be directly examined by the doctor, and specimens from the infected part of the lung can be obtained.
Sometimes, fluid collects in the pleural space around the lung as a result of the inflammation from pneumonia. This fluid is called a pleural effusion. If the amount of this fluid that develops is large enough, it can be removed by inserting a needle into the chest cavity and withdrawing the fluid with a syringe in a procedure called a thoracentesis. In some cases, this fluid can become severely inflamed (parapneumonic effusion) or infected (empyema) and may need to be removed by more aggressive surgical procedures.
COLD CREAM
Cold cream is an emulsion of water and certain fats, usually including beeswax and various scent agents, designed to smooth skin and remove makeup. The name derives from the cooling feeling that the cream leaves on the skin. Variations of the product have been used for nearly two-thousand years
ColdCold cream is an emulsion of fats and water which can be used to clean and soften the skin. Traditionally, coldcoldcold cream has been used to remove makeup gently at the end of the day, and it can also be used to soften tough skin on the knees and elbows, or to keep skin protected from harsh winter weather. Many drug stores and beauty suppliers sell coldcoldcold cream, often in a variety of styles; different brands have different ingredients, and some people experiment with several before finding one which works
The concept of cold cream is quite ancient. Credit for the invention is usually given to Galen, a second century Greek physician who developed an emulsion of beeswax, oil, rose petals, and water. The cream was designed to moisturize and condition the face, and to help remove the harsh makeup of the period. In some regions, cold cream is called “cream of Galen” or “Galen's cream” in a reference to this; the “cold” in cold cream comes from the cool, refreshing feeling that it leaves behind.
There are several ways to use cold cream. To remove makeup, a thin layer is spread on the face, allowed to sit for a moment, and then wiped off. Tissues or washcloths can be used to remove the cold cream. The moisturizing agents in the cream will condition the face and help it recover from harsh beauty products.
Cold cream can also be left on trouble spots overnight; some women, for example, rub it into their skin before bed, wiping it off in the morning, and it can be worn with gloves or socks to condition the feet and hands as well. Cold cream is also used in some home remedies; a classic remedy for scaly elbows is a mixture of cold cream and ground oats, rubbed gently into the skin and then wiped or rinsed off
There are several ways to use cold cream. To remove makeup, a thin layer is spread on the face, allowed to sit for a moment, and then wiped off. Tissues or washcloths can be used to remove the cold cream. The moisturizing agents in the cream will condition the face and help it recover from harsh beauty products.
Cold cream can also be left on trouble spots overnight; some women, for example, rub it into their skin before bed, wiping it off in the morning, and it can be worn with gloves or socks to condition the feet and hands as well. Cold cream is also used in some home remedies; a classic remedy for scaly elbows is a mixture of cold cream and ground oats, rubbed gently into the skin and then wiped or rinsed off
The oils in some cold creams can leave skin feeling greasy. People with oily skin may want to take a pass on this product unless they have been introduced to a brand which does not create an oily feeling. Cold cream can be scented or unscented, depending on preference, and the oils used can vary widely. Most companies do not use the olive oil recommended by Galen, for example, since it can go rancid quickly. Generally, cold cream keeps well at room temperature, and it should not go bad unless the climate is extremely hot or impurities are introduced to the container
preparation of cold creams
Galen's cold cream was based on beeswax and water, also containing olive oil and rose petals for softness and scent, respectively. Significant differences in formula were established centuries ago. Spermaceti from whales was utilized as far back as 1780, contributing to the severe hunting of these animals.[1] The 1857 account relates:
The modern formula for cold cream is, however, quite a different thing to that given in the works of Galen, in point of odour and quality, although substantially the same--grease and water. In perfumery there are several kinds of cold cream, distinguished by their odour, such as that of camphor, almond, violet, roses, &c
The modern formula for cold cream is, however, quite a different thing to that given in the works of Galen, in point of odour and quality, although substantially the same--grease and water. In perfumery there are several kinds of cold cream, distinguished by their odour, such as that of camphor, almond, violet, roses, &c
Sunday, October 25, 2009
EPILEPSY
epilepsy (a disorder of the central nervous system characterized by loss of consciousness and convulsions)Epilepsy (from the Ancient Greek ἐπιληψία epilēpsía) is a common chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent unprovoked seizures. These seizures are transient signs and/or symptoms of abnormal, excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain. About 50 million people worldwide have epilepsy, with almost 90% of these people being in developing countries. Epilepsy is more likely to occur in young children, or people over the age of 65 years, however it can occur at any time. Epilepsy is usually controlled, but not cured, with medication, although surgery may be considered in difficult cases. However, over 30% of people with epilepsy do not have seizure control even with the best available medications. Not all epilepsy syndromes are lifelong – some forms are confined to particular stages of childhood. Epilepsy should not be understood as a single disorder, but rather as syndromic with vastly divergent symptoms but all involving episodic abnormal electrical activity in the brain
Epilepsy Overview
Epilepsy is a condition in which a person has recurrent seizures. A seizure is defined as an abnormal, disorderly discharging of the brain's nerve cells, resulting in a temporary disturbance of motor, sensory, or mental function.
There are many types of seizures, depending primarily on what part of the brain is involved. The term epilepsy says nothing about the type of seizure or cause of the seizure, only that the seizures happen again and again. A stricter definition of the term requires that the seizures have no known underlying cause. This may also be called primary or idiopathic epilepsyEpisodes of abnormal electrical activity within the brain result in seizures. The specific area of the brain affected by the abnormal electrical activity may result in a particular type of seizure.
If all areas of the brain are affected by the abnormal electrical activity, a generalized seizure may result. This means that consciousness is lost or impaired. Often all the person's arms and legs stiffen and then jerk rhythmically.
One seizure type may evolve into another during the course of the seizure. For example, a seizure may start as a partial, or focal, seizure, involving the face or arm. Then the muscular activity spreads to other areas of the body. In this way, the seizure becomes generalized.
Seizures caused by high fevers in children are not considered epilepsy. Also see children's seizures
There are many types of seizures, depending primarily on what part of the brain is involved. The term epilepsy says nothing about the type of seizure or cause of the seizure, only that the seizures happen again and again. A stricter definition of the term requires that the seizures have no known underlying cause. This may also be called primary or idiopathic epilepsyEpisodes of abnormal electrical activity within the brain result in seizures. The specific area of the brain affected by the abnormal electrical activity may result in a particular type of seizure.
If all areas of the brain are affected by the abnormal electrical activity, a generalized seizure may result. This means that consciousness is lost or impaired. Often all the person's arms and legs stiffen and then jerk rhythmically.
One seizure type may evolve into another during the course of the seizure. For example, a seizure may start as a partial, or focal, seizure, involving the face or arm. Then the muscular activity spreads to other areas of the body. In this way, the seizure becomes generalized.
Seizures caused by high fevers in children are not considered epilepsy. Also see children's seizures
TYPES OF Epilepsy
When a disorder is defined by a characteristic group of features that usually occur together, it is called a syndrome. These features may include symptoms, which are problems that the patient will notice. They also may include signs, which are things that the doctor will find during the examination or with laboratory tests. Doctors and other health care professionals often use syndromes to describe a patient's epilepsy
The type or types of seizures
The age at which the seizures begin
The causes of the seizures
Whether the seizures are inherited
The part of the brain involved
Factors that provoke seizures
How severe and how frequent the seizures are
A pattern of seizures by time of day
Certain patterns on the EEG, during seizures and between seizures
Other disorders in addition to seizures
The prospects for recovery or worsening
The age at which the seizures begin
The causes of the seizures
Whether the seizures are inherited
The part of the brain involved
Factors that provoke seizures
How severe and how frequent the seizures are
A pattern of seizures by time of day
Certain patterns on the EEG, during seizures and between seizures
Other disorders in addition to seizures
The prospects for recovery or worsening
Not every syndrome will be defined by all these features, but most syndromes will be defined by a number of them. Classifying a patient's epilepsy as belonging to a certain syndrome often provides information on what medications or other treatments will be most helpful. It also may help the doctor to predict whether the seizures will go into remission (lessen or disappear).
Partial seizure
Partial seizure
Partial seizures (also called focal seizures and localized seizures) are seizures which affect only a part of the brain at onset, and are split into two main categories; simple partial seizures and complex partial seizures
A simple partial seizure will often be a precursor to a larger seizure such as a complex partial seizure, or a tonic-clonic seizure. When this is the case, the simple partial seizure is usually called an aura.
Partial seizures are common in temporal lobe epilepsy
A simple partial seizure will often be a precursor to a larger seizure such as a complex partial seizure, or a tonic-clonic seizure. When this is the case, the simple partial seizure is usually called an aura.
Partial seizures are common in temporal lobe epilepsy
Generalized Seizures
A generalized seizure is a sudden change in consciousness, muscle control or behavior caused by abnormal activity on both sides of the brain. A generalized seizure is different from a partial (focal) seizure, which usually affects a small, localized area of the brain.
Seizures occur when the neurons in the brain suddenly increase activity, causing an electrical storm that can overwhelm the brain. This can result in various symptoms depending on the area of the brain affected. People who have a generalized seizure usually experience symptoms that affect their entire body, such as whole-body muscle contractions or a loss of consciousness.
Seizures occur when the neurons in the brain suddenly increase activity, causing an electrical storm that can overwhelm the brain. This can result in various symptoms depending on the area of the brain affected. People who have a generalized seizure usually experience symptoms that affect their entire body, such as whole-body muscle contractions or a loss of consciousness.
The most identifiable and traumatic type of generalized seizure is the tonic-clonic seizure, also known as grand mal seizures or convulsions. Many tonic-clonic seizures are isolated events and, although distressing to witness, rarely cause neurological damage.
Generalized seizures may be caused by chronic underlying medical conditions that may require treatment (e.g., epilepsy). Many generalized seizures have no known cause, making them difficult to prevent. In cases where the underlying cause is unknown, seizures can sometimes be controlled with medication.
Generalized seizures can rarely be treated with brain surgery because the abnormal neuron activity occurs in the entire brain. However, people with recurrent generalized seizures that are poorly controlled by medication may be suitable for a type of treatment called vagus nerve stimulation.
There are certain things bystanders can do (and not do) to prevent additional harm to a person having a generalized seizure. For example, nothing should be placed in a person’s mouth during a seizure, and restraint should not be used. It is recommended that bystanders clear the area of furniture and objects that may cause injury to the person having a seizure. Also, the person having the seizure should be gently rolled onto his or her side to prevent choking on vomit or mucus
Generalized seizures may be caused by chronic underlying medical conditions that may require treatment (e.g., epilepsy). Many generalized seizures have no known cause, making them difficult to prevent. In cases where the underlying cause is unknown, seizures can sometimes be controlled with medication.
Generalized seizures can rarely be treated with brain surgery because the abnormal neuron activity occurs in the entire brain. However, people with recurrent generalized seizures that are poorly controlled by medication may be suitable for a type of treatment called vagus nerve stimulation.
There are certain things bystanders can do (and not do) to prevent additional harm to a person having a generalized seizure. For example, nothing should be placed in a person’s mouth during a seizure, and restraint should not be used. It is recommended that bystanders clear the area of furniture and objects that may cause injury to the person having a seizure. Also, the person having the seizure should be gently rolled onto his or her side to prevent choking on vomit or mucus
Mechanisms of Action of Antiepileptic Drugs
Center for Treatment of Epilepsy and Migraine, Kielecka 25, 31-523 Kraków, 2Department of Neurology,
Neuropsychiatric Care Unit, Grunwaldzka 47, 25-736 Kielce, 3Department of Pathophysiology, Skubiszewski Medical
University, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-090 Lublin, 4Isotope Laboratory, Institute of Agricultural Medicine, Jaczewskiego 2,
20-950 Lublin, Poland
Center for Treatment of Epilepsy and Migraine, Kielecka 25, 31-523 Kraków, 2Department of Neurology,
Neuropsychiatric Care Unit, Grunwaldzka 47, 25-736 Kielce, 3Department of Pathophysiology, Skubiszewski Medical
University, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-090 Lublin, 4Isotope Laboratory, Institute of Agricultural Medicine, Jaczewskiego 2,
20-950 Lublin, Poland
Abstract: g-Aminobutyric acid (GABA), one of the main inhibitory neurotransmitters in the brain, interacts with three types of receptors for GABA - GABAA, GABAB and GABAC. GABAA receptors, associated with binding sites for benzodiazepines and barbiturates in the form of a receptor complex, control opening of the chloride channel. When GABA binds to the receptor complex, the channel is opened and chloride anions enter the neuron, which is finally hyperpolarized. GABAB receptors are metabotropic, linked to a cascade of second messengers whilst the physiological meaning of ionotropic GABAC receptors, mainly located in the retina, is generally unknown. Novel antiepileptic drugs acting selectively through the GABA-ergic system are tiagabine and vigabatrin. The former inhibits neuronal and glial uptake of GABA whilst the latter increases the synaptic concentration of GABA by inhibition of GABA-aminotransferase. Gabapentin, designed as a precursor of GABA easily entering the brain, was shown to increase brain synaptic GABA. This antiepileptic drug also decreases influx of calcium ions into neurons
via a specific subunit of voltage-dependent calcium channels. Conventional antiepileptics generally inhibit sodium currents (carbamazepine, phenobarbital, phenytoin, valproate) or enhance GABA-ergic inhibition (benzodiazepines, phenobarbital, valproate). Ethosuximide, mainly controlling absences, reduces calcium currents via T-type calcium channels. Novel antiepileptic drugs, mainly associated with an inhibition of voltage-dependent
sodium channels are lamotrigine and oxcarbazepine. Since glutamate-mediated excitation is involved in the generation of seizure activity, some antiepileptics are targeting glutamatergic receptors – for instance, felbamate, phenobarbital, and topiramate. Besides, they also inhibit sodium currents. Zonisamide, apparently sharing this common mechanism, also reduces the concentration of free radicals. Novel antiepileptic drugs are better tolerated by epileptic patients and practically are devoid of important pharmacokinetic drug interactions.
via a specific subunit of voltage-dependent calcium channels. Conventional antiepileptics generally inhibit sodium currents (carbamazepine, phenobarbital, phenytoin, valproate) or enhance GABA-ergic inhibition (benzodiazepines, phenobarbital, valproate). Ethosuximide, mainly controlling absences, reduces calcium currents via T-type calcium channels. Novel antiepileptic drugs, mainly associated with an inhibition of voltage-dependent
sodium channels are lamotrigine and oxcarbazepine. Since glutamate-mediated excitation is involved in the generation of seizure activity, some antiepileptics are targeting glutamatergic receptors – for instance, felbamate, phenobarbital, and topiramate. Besides, they also inhibit sodium currents. Zonisamide, apparently sharing this common mechanism, also reduces the concentration of free radicals. Novel antiepileptic drugs are better tolerated by epileptic patients and practically are devoid of important pharmacokinetic drug interactions.
Key Words: Antiepileptic drugs, GABA, glutamate, ion channels, epilepsy.
RECEPTORS FOR GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID
GABA may mediate its synaptic events through two types of receptors - ionotropic and metabotropic. Among ionotropic receptors associated with a chloride channel so
called GABAA and GABAC receptors are distinguished - metabotropic ones linked to the cascade of second intraneuronal messengers are GABAB receptors [4,5].
GABAA receptor complex consists of a number of binding sites for GABA itself, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, ethanol and picrotoxin which is a chloride channel blocker. When GABA binds to its recognition site on the GABAA receptor complex, an opening of the chloride channel occurs with the subsequent influx of chloride anions into a neuron, resulting in its hyperpolarization. Benzodiazepine derivatives (f.e.: diazepam, clonazepam) increase the frequency of the channel
openings whilst barbiturates (f.e.: phenobarbital) prolong the opening time of the channel. Both, benzodiazepines and barbiturates also enhance the affinity of GABAA receptors for
the neurotransmitter [4,5]. In contrast, binding GABA to the GABAB receptors results in the activation of phospholipase A-2 and the following synthesis of arachidonic acid fromphospholipids. Arachidonic acid via regulatory Gi proteins is likely to modulate the activity of adenyl cyclase and cyclic AMP levels. Through the GABAB receptors GABA affects
the release of other important for the neuronal activity neurotransmitters. GABAC receptors are mainly encountered in the retina and their physiological significance is a matter of dispute.
called GABAA and GABAC receptors are distinguished - metabotropic ones linked to the cascade of second intraneuronal messengers are GABAB receptors [4,5].
GABAA receptor complex consists of a number of binding sites for GABA itself, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, ethanol and picrotoxin which is a chloride channel blocker. When GABA binds to its recognition site on the GABAA receptor complex, an opening of the chloride channel occurs with the subsequent influx of chloride anions into a neuron, resulting in its hyperpolarization. Benzodiazepine derivatives (f.e.: diazepam, clonazepam) increase the frequency of the channel
openings whilst barbiturates (f.e.: phenobarbital) prolong the opening time of the channel. Both, benzodiazepines and barbiturates also enhance the affinity of GABAA receptors for
the neurotransmitter [4,5]. In contrast, binding GABA to the GABAB receptors results in the activation of phospholipase A-2 and the following synthesis of arachidonic acid fromphospholipids. Arachidonic acid via regulatory Gi proteins is likely to modulate the activity of adenyl cyclase and cyclic AMP levels. Through the GABAB receptors GABA affects
the release of other important for the neuronal activity neurotransmitters. GABAC receptors are mainly encountered in the retina and their physiological significance is a matter of dispute.
Occurrence of GABA in the central nervous system was demonstrated in 1950 and in the same decade GABA was shown to inhibit seizure activity after its direct cerebralapplication in dogs [7]. Certainly, this gave rise to the assumption that GABA-ergic inhibition may be an important factor in the suppression of seizure activity in epilepticpatients. GABA itself was not a good candidate for an antiepileptic drug since it very poorly entered the brain through the blood- brain barrier. Much attention was paid to a synthesis of GABA-ergic agonists, which would easily penetrate into the central nervous system. Such substances were soon available, for instance agents increasing brain GABA concentration due to the inhibition of GABA
metabolism: aminooxyacetic acid, g -acetylenic-GABA, g - vinyl-GABA or direct agonists, for example - muscimol. Actually, these substances were found to exert anticonvulsant
effects in a variety of experimental models of epilepsy. The initial enthusiasm was, however, not fully justified it soon would come out that muscimol displayed a proconvulsant activity in primates and humans [7]. This was understood in terms of an undesired effects of the diffuse
stimulation of GABAA receptors within the brain. Consequently, the subsequent search for GABA-ergic agents as potential antiepileptic drugs would focus on substances
indirectly enhancing GABA functions - via inhibition of its metabolism or reduction of its neuronal uptake. This strategy led to the discovery of potent anticonvulsant substances -
some of them are nowadays potent antiepileptic drugs
metabolism: aminooxyacetic acid, g -acetylenic-GABA, g - vinyl-GABA or direct agonists, for example - muscimol. Actually, these substances were found to exert anticonvulsant
effects in a variety of experimental models of epilepsy. The initial enthusiasm was, however, not fully justified it soon would come out that muscimol displayed a proconvulsant activity in primates and humans [7]. This was understood in terms of an undesired effects of the diffuse
stimulation of GABAA receptors within the brain. Consequently, the subsequent search for GABA-ergic agents as potential antiepileptic drugs would focus on substances
indirectly enhancing GABA functions - via inhibition of its metabolism or reduction of its neuronal uptake. This strategy led to the discovery of potent anticonvulsant substances -
some of them are nowadays potent antiepileptic drugs
ANTIEPILEPTIC DRUGS AND GABA-MEDIATED
INHIBITION
INHIBITION
Valproic acid in the form of sodium salt was introducedto the therapy of epilepsy in the early 60s. One of the most likely mechanisms responsible for its anticonvulsant activitymay be inhibition of its metabolic degradation resulting in the elevation of GABA level in the synaptic cleft [11]. However, there are also data indicating no correlation between the protective action of valproate and GABA increase - in fact, valproate clearly reduced seizure activity produced by the inhibitor of GABA synthesis, izoniazid, but did not restore the reduced GABA level [12]. As already mentioned, benzodiazepines (fe.: diazepam, clonazepam) and barbiturates (fe.: phenobarbital) potentiate GABA-mediated inhibition via the increase in the affinity of this inhibitory neurotransmitter to its recognition sites within the GABAA receptor complex and via the direct influence upon the channel which leads to the enhanced influx ofchloride anions into the neuron and subsequent hyperpolarization. Among novel antiepileptic drugs, tiagabine and
vigabatrin seem to express their anticonvulsant activity mainly through the GABA-ergic system. Other novel antiepileptics associated with GABA-mediated inhibition, which also share additional mechanisms of action, are: felbamate, gabapentin, and topiramate. Tiagabine and vigabatrin, and to a certain degree - gabapentin, may be considered as drugs whose development was associated with so called GABA hypothesis of epilepsy [13]. Vigabatrin is an irreversible inhibitor of GABA transaminase and its administration in animals or humans results in the 3-fold increase in synaptic GABA level [14-16]. Tiagabine inhibits neuronal and glial GABA uptake, leading thus to the enhancement and prolongation of GABA synaptic events [16,17]. The anticonvulsant activity of inhibitors of GABA uptake in various models of experimental epilepsy was shown much earlier but these substances did not cross the blood-brain barrier. This certainly disqualified their possible use as antiepileptic drugs [18]. Probably, as already mentioned, tiagabine and vigabatrin possess mechanisms of action closely related to GABA-mediated events in the synaptic cleft, in contrast to conventional and some novel antiepileptics which may block voltage-dependent sodium and calcium channels and impair glutamate-induced excitation. For instance, sodium channels are blocked by a variety of antiepileptic drugs, including benzodiazepines (at high concentrations), carbamazepine, felbamate, lamotrigine, oxcarbazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, topiramate, and valproate. Ethosuximide or zonisamide mainly affect T-type calcium channels, and felbamate, phenobarbital, and topiramate inhibit glutamate excitation [19]. Interestingly, gabapentin, a cyclic analogue of GABA, was designed as a GABA agonist easily passing the blood-brain barrier. However, no receptor activity of gabapentin was detected on the GABAA receptor complex, only increased GABA turnover being found in some rat brain regions [20,21]. Also, gabapentin was documented to increase GABA level in brains of epileptic patients [15]. It is evident now, that this antiepileptic drug binds to the specific unit of voltagedependent calcium channel and inhibits intraneuronal calcium ion flux from the extraneuronal space [22]. Two novel antiepileptic drugs, topiramate and felbamate, although possessing multiple mechanisms of action (see below), affect GABA-mediated inhibition as well. Specifically, the former seems to potentiate effects of endogenous GABA through a novel binding site on the GABAA receptor complex [21,23]. The latter enhanced GABA-dependent chloride currents in rat hippocampal neurons [24]. However, such effect in vitro was no longer evident in the absence of GABA and, moreover, felbamate was not shown to interact directly with the GABAA receptor complex [25]. Among conventional and novel.
vigabatrin seem to express their anticonvulsant activity mainly through the GABA-ergic system. Other novel antiepileptics associated with GABA-mediated inhibition, which also share additional mechanisms of action, are: felbamate, gabapentin, and topiramate. Tiagabine and vigabatrin, and to a certain degree - gabapentin, may be considered as drugs whose development was associated with so called GABA hypothesis of epilepsy [13]. Vigabatrin is an irreversible inhibitor of GABA transaminase and its administration in animals or humans results in the 3-fold increase in synaptic GABA level [14-16]. Tiagabine inhibits neuronal and glial GABA uptake, leading thus to the enhancement and prolongation of GABA synaptic events [16,17]. The anticonvulsant activity of inhibitors of GABA uptake in various models of experimental epilepsy was shown much earlier but these substances did not cross the blood-brain barrier. This certainly disqualified their possible use as antiepileptic drugs [18]. Probably, as already mentioned, tiagabine and vigabatrin possess mechanisms of action closely related to GABA-mediated events in the synaptic cleft, in contrast to conventional and some novel antiepileptics which may block voltage-dependent sodium and calcium channels and impair glutamate-induced excitation. For instance, sodium channels are blocked by a variety of antiepileptic drugs, including benzodiazepines (at high concentrations), carbamazepine, felbamate, lamotrigine, oxcarbazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, topiramate, and valproate. Ethosuximide or zonisamide mainly affect T-type calcium channels, and felbamate, phenobarbital, and topiramate inhibit glutamate excitation [19]. Interestingly, gabapentin, a cyclic analogue of GABA, was designed as a GABA agonist easily passing the blood-brain barrier. However, no receptor activity of gabapentin was detected on the GABAA receptor complex, only increased GABA turnover being found in some rat brain regions [20,21]. Also, gabapentin was documented to increase GABA level in brains of epileptic patients [15]. It is evident now, that this antiepileptic drug binds to the specific unit of voltagedependent calcium channel and inhibits intraneuronal calcium ion flux from the extraneuronal space [22]. Two novel antiepileptic drugs, topiramate and felbamate, although possessing multiple mechanisms of action (see below), affect GABA-mediated inhibition as well. Specifically, the former seems to potentiate effects of endogenous GABA through a novel binding site on the GABAA receptor complex [21,23]. The latter enhanced GABA-dependent chloride currents in rat hippocampal neurons [24]. However, such effect in vitro was no longer evident in the absence of GABA and, moreover, felbamate was not shown to interact directly with the GABAA receptor complex [25]. Among conventional and novel.
Saturday, October 24, 2009
ANTI DEPRESSANTS
definition
a mental state characterized by a pessimistic sense of inadequacy and a despondent lack of activity
a long-term economic state characterized by unemployment and low prices and low levels of trade and investment
natural depression: a sunken or depressed geological formation
sad feelings of gloom and inadequacy
a period during the 1930s when there was a worldwide economic depression and mass unemployment
low: an air mass of lower pressure; often brings precipitation; "a low moved in over night bringing sleet and snow"
depressive disorder: a state of depression and anhedonia so severe as to require clinical intervention
a concavity in a surface produced by pressing; "he left the impression of his fingers in the soft mud"
angular distance below the horizon (especially of a celestial object)
pushing down; "depression of the space bar on the typewriter
emotional symptoms
misery,apathy and pessimism
low self-esteem and pessimism
indecisiveness,loss of motivation
biological symptoms
retardation of thought and action
loss of libido
sleep disturbance and loss appetite
another symptoms
Sad, anxious, or "empty" mood that lasts more than 2 weeks.
Trouble sleeping.
Appetite changes - either less appetite and weight loss, or eating more and weight gain.
Loss of interest in doing things you once enjoyed, including sex.
Feeling restless and cranky.
Nagging physical symptoms that don't get better with treatment (like chronic pain).
Trouble paying attention, making decisions, or remembering.
Feeling tired all the time or like you have no energy.
Feeling guilty, hopeless, or worthless.
Thoughts of suicide or death
the monoamine theory
The monoamine hypothesis of depression predicts an impairment in central monoaminergic function. The lesion may comprise deficiencies in the absolute concentrations of norepinephrine and/or serotonin (5-HT). Depletion studies have shown a correlation between such deficiencies and depressive symptoms. Measurement of the concentrations of the neurotransmitters and their metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid, urine, and plasma of patients with depression has yielded equivocal results regarding the possibility of altered metabolism of these neurotransmitters. Other studies have investigated the possibility of altered numbers and/or affinities of the serotonin and norepinephrine receptors and uptake sites. For example, there is evidence for a reduction in the activity of the serotonin reuptake transporter in patients with depression and an increase in the density of 5-HT2 receptors in the brains of suicide victims. Similarly, in the noradrenergic system, up-regulation of beta-adrenoceptors is consistently observed. Most recently, attention has focused on the possibility that a lesion may occur in the postreceptor, subcellular components of the monoamine systems, such as the second messenger processes. Also, experimental evidence has shown "cross-talk" between the noradrenergic and serotonergic systems. There is therefore substantial clinical and experimental evidence that lesions in the serotonergic and noradrenergic systems are responsible for depression and that antidepressant treatment can reverse these alterations
types of anti depressants
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRis)
Noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressants (NaSSAs)
Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) reuptake inhibitors (NRIs)
Norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRIs)
Selective serotonin reuptake enhancers (SSREs)
Melatonergic agonists
Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)
Monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOIs)
Augmenter drugs
mechanisam of action
Bipolar disorder (BPD), the province of mood stabilizers,
has long been considered a recurrent disorder. For more
than 50 years, lithium, the prototypal mood stabilizer, has
been known to be effective not only in acute mania but
also in the prophylaxis of recurrent episodes of mania and
depression. By contrast, the preponderance of past research
in depression has focused on the major depressive episode
and its acute treatment. It is only relatively recently that
investigators have begun to address the recurrent nature of
unipolar disorder (UPD) and the prophylactic use of longterm
antidepressant treatment. Thus, it is timely that we
address in a single chapter the most promising research relevant
to the pharmacodynamics of both mood stabilizers and
antidepressants.
As we have outlined in Fig. 79.1, it is possible to characterize
both the course and treatment of bipolar and unipolar
disorder in a similar manner. Effective treatments exist for
the acute phases of both disorders; maintaining both types
of patients on such drugs on a long-term basis decreases the
likelihood and intensity of recurrences. Further, because the
drugs are given long-term, they produce a cascade of pharmacologic
effects over time that are ‘‘triggered’’ by their
acute effects. Both classes of psychotropic drugs incur a lag
period for therapeutic onset of action, even in the acute
phase; therefore, studies during the past two decades have
focused on the delayed (subchronic) temporal effects of
these drugs over days and weeks. Consequently, it is widely
thought that the delayed pharmacologic effects of these
drugs are relevant for either the initiation of behavioral improvement
or the progression of improvement beyond that
initiated by acute pharmacologic actions. The early realization
that lithium is effective prophylactically in BPD and
the more recent understanding that antidepressants share
this property in UPD have focused research on long-term
events, such as alterations in gene expression and neuroplasticity,
that may play a significant role in stabilizing the clinical
course of an illness. In our view, behavioral improvement
and stabilization stem from the acute pharmacologic effects
of antidepressants and mood stabilizers; thus, both the acute
and longer-term pharmacologic effects of both classes of
drugs are emphasized in this chapter
MOOD STABILIZERS
The term mood stabilizer within the clinical setting is commonly
used to refer to a class of drugs that treat BPD.
However, for the purpose of our discussion, it is important
to differentiate the three clinical phases of BPD—acute
mania, acute depression, and long-term prophylactic treatment
for recurrent affective episodes. Although a variety of
drugs are used to treat BPD (i.e., lithium, anticonvulsants,
antidepressants, benzodiazepines, neuroleptics), we suggest
that only a drug with properties of prophylaxis should be
referred to as a mood stabilizer and included in this chapter.
Significant evidence supports a therapeutic action for lithium,
both in acute mania and prophylactically in a major
subset of patients with BPD 1. However, the data for longterm
prophylaxis with anticonvulsants (i.e., valproate, carbamazepine),
although supported in part in clinical practice,
remains less well established scientifically
In the absence of a suitable animal model, an experimental
approach, used to ascribe therapeutic relevance to any observed
biochemical finding, is the identification of shared
biochemical targets that are modified by drugs belonging
to the same therapeutic class (e.g., antimanic agents) but
possessing distinct chemical structures (e.g., lithium and
valproate). Although unlikely to act via identical mechanisms,
such common targets may provide important clues
a mental state characterized by a pessimistic sense of inadequacy and a despondent lack of activity
a long-term economic state characterized by unemployment and low prices and low levels of trade and investment
natural depression: a sunken or depressed geological formation
sad feelings of gloom and inadequacy
a period during the 1930s when there was a worldwide economic depression and mass unemployment
low: an air mass of lower pressure; often brings precipitation; "a low moved in over night bringing sleet and snow"
depressive disorder: a state of depression and anhedonia so severe as to require clinical intervention
a concavity in a surface produced by pressing; "he left the impression of his fingers in the soft mud"
angular distance below the horizon (especially of a celestial object)
pushing down; "depression of the space bar on the typewriter
emotional symptoms
misery,apathy and pessimism
low self-esteem and pessimism
indecisiveness,loss of motivation
biological symptoms
retardation of thought and action
loss of libido
sleep disturbance and loss appetite
another symptoms
Sad, anxious, or "empty" mood that lasts more than 2 weeks.
Trouble sleeping.
Appetite changes - either less appetite and weight loss, or eating more and weight gain.
Loss of interest in doing things you once enjoyed, including sex.
Feeling restless and cranky.
Nagging physical symptoms that don't get better with treatment (like chronic pain).
Trouble paying attention, making decisions, or remembering.
Feeling tired all the time or like you have no energy.
Feeling guilty, hopeless, or worthless.
Thoughts of suicide or death
the monoamine theory
The monoamine hypothesis of depression predicts an impairment in central monoaminergic function. The lesion may comprise deficiencies in the absolute concentrations of norepinephrine and/or serotonin (5-HT). Depletion studies have shown a correlation between such deficiencies and depressive symptoms. Measurement of the concentrations of the neurotransmitters and their metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid, urine, and plasma of patients with depression has yielded equivocal results regarding the possibility of altered metabolism of these neurotransmitters. Other studies have investigated the possibility of altered numbers and/or affinities of the serotonin and norepinephrine receptors and uptake sites. For example, there is evidence for a reduction in the activity of the serotonin reuptake transporter in patients with depression and an increase in the density of 5-HT2 receptors in the brains of suicide victims. Similarly, in the noradrenergic system, up-regulation of beta-adrenoceptors is consistently observed. Most recently, attention has focused on the possibility that a lesion may occur in the postreceptor, subcellular components of the monoamine systems, such as the second messenger processes. Also, experimental evidence has shown "cross-talk" between the noradrenergic and serotonergic systems. There is therefore substantial clinical and experimental evidence that lesions in the serotonergic and noradrenergic systems are responsible for depression and that antidepressant treatment can reverse these alterations
types of anti depressants
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRis)
Noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressants (NaSSAs)
Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) reuptake inhibitors (NRIs)
Norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRIs)
Selective serotonin reuptake enhancers (SSREs)
Melatonergic agonists
Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)
Monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOIs)
Augmenter drugs
mechanisam of action
Bipolar disorder (BPD), the province of mood stabilizers,
has long been considered a recurrent disorder. For more
than 50 years, lithium, the prototypal mood stabilizer, has
been known to be effective not only in acute mania but
also in the prophylaxis of recurrent episodes of mania and
depression. By contrast, the preponderance of past research
in depression has focused on the major depressive episode
and its acute treatment. It is only relatively recently that
investigators have begun to address the recurrent nature of
unipolar disorder (UPD) and the prophylactic use of longterm
antidepressant treatment. Thus, it is timely that we
address in a single chapter the most promising research relevant
to the pharmacodynamics of both mood stabilizers and
antidepressants.
As we have outlined in Fig. 79.1, it is possible to characterize
both the course and treatment of bipolar and unipolar
disorder in a similar manner. Effective treatments exist for
the acute phases of both disorders; maintaining both types
of patients on such drugs on a long-term basis decreases the
likelihood and intensity of recurrences. Further, because the
drugs are given long-term, they produce a cascade of pharmacologic
effects over time that are ‘‘triggered’’ by their
acute effects. Both classes of psychotropic drugs incur a lag
period for therapeutic onset of action, even in the acute
phase; therefore, studies during the past two decades have
focused on the delayed (subchronic) temporal effects of
these drugs over days and weeks. Consequently, it is widely
thought that the delayed pharmacologic effects of these
drugs are relevant for either the initiation of behavioral improvement
or the progression of improvement beyond that
initiated by acute pharmacologic actions. The early realization
that lithium is effective prophylactically in BPD and
the more recent understanding that antidepressants share
this property in UPD have focused research on long-term
events, such as alterations in gene expression and neuroplasticity,
that may play a significant role in stabilizing the clinical
course of an illness. In our view, behavioral improvement
and stabilization stem from the acute pharmacologic effects
of antidepressants and mood stabilizers; thus, both the acute
and longer-term pharmacologic effects of both classes of
drugs are emphasized in this chapter
MOOD STABILIZERS
The term mood stabilizer within the clinical setting is commonly
used to refer to a class of drugs that treat BPD.
However, for the purpose of our discussion, it is important
to differentiate the three clinical phases of BPD—acute
mania, acute depression, and long-term prophylactic treatment
for recurrent affective episodes. Although a variety of
drugs are used to treat BPD (i.e., lithium, anticonvulsants,
antidepressants, benzodiazepines, neuroleptics), we suggest
that only a drug with properties of prophylaxis should be
referred to as a mood stabilizer and included in this chapter.
Significant evidence supports a therapeutic action for lithium,
both in acute mania and prophylactically in a major
subset of patients with BPD 1. However, the data for longterm
prophylaxis with anticonvulsants (i.e., valproate, carbamazepine),
although supported in part in clinical practice,
remains less well established scientifically
In the absence of a suitable animal model, an experimental
approach, used to ascribe therapeutic relevance to any observed
biochemical finding, is the identification of shared
biochemical targets that are modified by drugs belonging
to the same therapeutic class (e.g., antimanic agents) but
possessing distinct chemical structures (e.g., lithium and
valproate). Although unlikely to act via identical mechanisms,
such common targets may provide important clues
Friday, October 23, 2009
Our cleansing cream was developed as an alternative to soaps. It has a fine emulsified texture that can penetrate deeply to remove impurities.
Apply to face and neck with fingertips. Avoid direct eye contact. Rinse with luke warm water and follow with toner.
Due to its mild efficacy, the cleansing cream is appropriate for all skin types
Cleansing Milk
Our cleansing milk gently cleanses, moisturizes and protects your skin due to its dermatologically tested fine emulsion. It acts deeply so that excess sebum, make-up and grime are removed which opens the pores. The milk works like a very mild abrasive mask against dead cells. It restores water balance and acidic pH by nourishing and protecting the skin.
The cleansing milk is formulated with a vitamin compound. Vitamin E neutralizes dangerous free radicals and Vitamin C stimulates collagen.
Use every morning and evening on the face and neck followed by our toner.
The milk is suitable for all skin types and is highly recommended for sensitive skin
The cleansing milk is formulated with a vitamin compound. Vitamin E neutralizes dangerous free radicals and Vitamin C stimulates collagen.
Use every morning and evening on the face and neck followed by our toner.
The milk is suitable for all skin types and is highly recommended for sensitive skin
FOUNDATION CREAMS
Foundation Cream
Cream makeup foundation dries skin, it clogs pores, creates a “mask” on the face – most of those myths are faulty. Beauty industry is in continuous progress; modern tone creams not only hide skin imperfections, are not visible once applied, but they take care of the skin as well. This article refutes common myths about the foundation product. So, use tone creams freely
Tone Cream Clogs Pores
Modern cream foundations and the creams once used by our grandmothers have absolutely nothing in common. Most of the modern tone creams contain silicon, which does not stick directly to skin but rather creates a tiny web over the skin, protecting it and ensuring sufficient air circulation. The pigmentation particles in the cream are so tiny that they are simply physically unable to clog pores
Cream Foundation Creates a “Mask” on the Face
If you’ve picked a wrong tone colour, it will in fact look like a mask once applied. It is better to choose the tone using trial-and-error method. Come to the store wearing no makeup and apply various foundation tones directly on your skin. You should check how the tone looks in daylight and artificial lightning, as sometimes the shading of the tone depends on the lightning
Foundation is Bad for Skin
If you forget to remove the makeup before going to bed, it is surely not good for your skin. As for the rest of the cases, the modern foundations not only moisturise skin, but also protect it from harmful environment influences. Most of foundation creams contain solar-control factors – it is important to keep in mind, that one should always protect themselves from the sun, in summer as well as in winter. Sun is the main contributor to the skin aging. In winter, when cold wind and frost attack our skin, foundation helps it fight back to those attacks
If I Don’t Have Acne, then I Don’t Need Foundation
Perfect skin can be probably seen only in few children, when they are still infants. Rest of humans, unfortunately, have skin imperfections. Those shortcomings may be small spots, burst vessels, clogged pores, dark circles, bags under eyes and so on. If you prefer natural look, a light base, created using a light foundation and transparent powder, may be enough for you. An evening makeup, on the other hand, requires some tone cream
What Matters Is the Cream, Not How You Apply It
The application technique depends on the type of the cream and the effect you wish to accomplish. Before applying the tone cream, make sure the day cream is completely absorbed, otherwise the tone will spread unevenly. Tomorrow you will learn, how to apply various types of tone creams
how to apply
It seems like no one enjoys dealing with foundation. But how important is foundation? Foundation is probably the most essential cosmetic because it is one of the necessary steps of basic skincare. For healthy skin, you have to protect it. That is where foundation comes in. Foundation protects your skin from the environment-the sun, wind and pollutants
The problem with foundation is that we make common mistakes while applying it. We get the wrong color; it looks "cakey" and sometimes accentuates the flaws we were trying to coverRead
How to choose the perfect color
The key to flawless coverage is not to look like you are wearing a mask. It is NOT possible to pick up a bottle of foundation at a store, hold it up to your face and get the correct color. Honestly, you will need to sit down with a makeup consultant and test the color. It is best to test foundation color with sunlight. The worst lighting is florescent. No one looks good in florescent lighting. Never, never, never test for foundation on your hand or wrist. For ivory/beige women you will need to check your foundation on your neck and jawline. Sometimes the neck is a little different color than the face, usually a little darker and more yellow undertone. Because you will blend your foundation at your jaw line, you will want it to match where it stops at the neck. For bronze women, you will want to match your foundation on your cheek and jaw line. Sometimes there is an unevenness of color and this will help even out your skin tone
Sponge: A sponge is great to give you a light, sheer layer of foundation. It makes the foundation very easy to blend, a necessity for foundation and keeps your fingers clean too! I bounce back and forth between this one and the brush. The downside, a lot of foundation can get absorbed in the sponge so it tends to waste product. You will need to clean your sponge after every use or do what I do, buy a bag full of inexpensive sponges at a department store and trash them after every use.
Brush: I love the brush. The foundation looks perfect when using a brush, I can't really explain why, it just does. Use a foundation brush for a couple of days and it will be hard to go back to what you were using before. The one problem, you have to clean it every time you use it or you will ruin the brush. If you have to reapply your foundation during the day, a brush is the only way to go!
Fingers: Fingers are great because everyone has them, you always know where they are, and they are inexpensive. I personally, don't like the feel of foundation on my fingers so it's not my favorite. But if you don't have issues like me, they work great. Can be hard to blend with so just be careful
Cream makeup foundation dries skin, it clogs pores, creates a “mask” on the face – most of those myths are faulty. Beauty industry is in continuous progress; modern tone creams not only hide skin imperfections, are not visible once applied, but they take care of the skin as well. This article refutes common myths about the foundation product. So, use tone creams freely
Tone Cream Clogs Pores
Modern cream foundations and the creams once used by our grandmothers have absolutely nothing in common. Most of the modern tone creams contain silicon, which does not stick directly to skin but rather creates a tiny web over the skin, protecting it and ensuring sufficient air circulation. The pigmentation particles in the cream are so tiny that they are simply physically unable to clog pores
Cream Foundation Creates a “Mask” on the Face
If you’ve picked a wrong tone colour, it will in fact look like a mask once applied. It is better to choose the tone using trial-and-error method. Come to the store wearing no makeup and apply various foundation tones directly on your skin. You should check how the tone looks in daylight and artificial lightning, as sometimes the shading of the tone depends on the lightning
Foundation is Bad for Skin
If you forget to remove the makeup before going to bed, it is surely not good for your skin. As for the rest of the cases, the modern foundations not only moisturise skin, but also protect it from harmful environment influences. Most of foundation creams contain solar-control factors – it is important to keep in mind, that one should always protect themselves from the sun, in summer as well as in winter. Sun is the main contributor to the skin aging. In winter, when cold wind and frost attack our skin, foundation helps it fight back to those attacks
If I Don’t Have Acne, then I Don’t Need Foundation
Perfect skin can be probably seen only in few children, when they are still infants. Rest of humans, unfortunately, have skin imperfections. Those shortcomings may be small spots, burst vessels, clogged pores, dark circles, bags under eyes and so on. If you prefer natural look, a light base, created using a light foundation and transparent powder, may be enough for you. An evening makeup, on the other hand, requires some tone cream
What Matters Is the Cream, Not How You Apply It
The application technique depends on the type of the cream and the effect you wish to accomplish. Before applying the tone cream, make sure the day cream is completely absorbed, otherwise the tone will spread unevenly. Tomorrow you will learn, how to apply various types of tone creams
how to apply
It seems like no one enjoys dealing with foundation. But how important is foundation? Foundation is probably the most essential cosmetic because it is one of the necessary steps of basic skincare. For healthy skin, you have to protect it. That is where foundation comes in. Foundation protects your skin from the environment-the sun, wind and pollutants
The problem with foundation is that we make common mistakes while applying it. We get the wrong color; it looks "cakey" and sometimes accentuates the flaws we were trying to coverRead
How to choose the perfect color
The key to flawless coverage is not to look like you are wearing a mask. It is NOT possible to pick up a bottle of foundation at a store, hold it up to your face and get the correct color. Honestly, you will need to sit down with a makeup consultant and test the color. It is best to test foundation color with sunlight. The worst lighting is florescent. No one looks good in florescent lighting. Never, never, never test for foundation on your hand or wrist. For ivory/beige women you will need to check your foundation on your neck and jawline. Sometimes the neck is a little different color than the face, usually a little darker and more yellow undertone. Because you will blend your foundation at your jaw line, you will want it to match where it stops at the neck. For bronze women, you will want to match your foundation on your cheek and jaw line. Sometimes there is an unevenness of color and this will help even out your skin tone
Sponge: A sponge is great to give you a light, sheer layer of foundation. It makes the foundation very easy to blend, a necessity for foundation and keeps your fingers clean too! I bounce back and forth between this one and the brush. The downside, a lot of foundation can get absorbed in the sponge so it tends to waste product. You will need to clean your sponge after every use or do what I do, buy a bag full of inexpensive sponges at a department store and trash them after every use.
Brush: I love the brush. The foundation looks perfect when using a brush, I can't really explain why, it just does. Use a foundation brush for a couple of days and it will be hard to go back to what you were using before. The one problem, you have to clean it every time you use it or you will ruin the brush. If you have to reapply your foundation during the day, a brush is the only way to go!
Fingers: Fingers are great because everyone has them, you always know where they are, and they are inexpensive. I personally, don't like the feel of foundation on my fingers so it's not my favorite. But if you don't have issues like me, they work great. Can be hard to blend with so just be careful
SUNSCREEN AND SKIN CARE TIPS
Sunscreen
Most people know that exposure to UV radiation can cause sun damage to the skin, including sunburn, photoaging, and increased risk of skin cancer. But did you know this damage also occurs when you walk from your house to your car or sit next to a window during the day? Even those little bits of exposure add up over the years and can cause wrinkles, dark spots and skin cancer
Sunscreen Decisions
There are several factors to consider when picking out a sunscreen:
How sunscreens work
Everyday sunscreen vs out-in-the-sun sunscreen
Using a sunscreen alone vs sunscreen plus moisturizer
Understanding the UV-index
How to be safe in the sun
Sunscreen Bottom Line
You've worked hard to take care of your skin by cleansing and moisturizing it. Don't undo all those benefits by exposing it to UV radiation. Find a good broad-spectrum sunscreen and make its application a part of your daily routine like brushing your teeth and bathing
Skin Care Tips For Your 30's
When you've reached your 30's, chances are good you've tried your fair share of products in hopes of having perfect skin. Maybe some of them worked for you, of course, some didn't. Then again, maybe you're only now just beginning to think about what the future holds in regards to your skin and you're trying to do all you can now to repair the lack of effort in your past
No matter the reason, today is as good as any day to start taking great care of your skin. And great care starts by knowing what skin type you fall in. Skin types vary by person, and can even vary depending on the seasons or even hormonal change. Once you see what skin type you are today, don't assume it will forever be your skin type. By giving your skin proper attention, you'll be able to see if you're starting to notice your skin getting drier or oilier as time goes on.
Daily Skin Care Basics
Now that you know your skin type, it's time to talk about what yous should be doing each day to properly take care of your skin. Create a skin care regime and make sure you do each step twice a day. I recommend a cleanser, toner and moisturizer. If you have oily or combination skin, stick with a gel based or foaming cleanser. Those of you with normal or dry skin will do best with a cream based cleanser. Toners are optional, but my personal results tell me that it works best for me. You can decide how you feel about toners and go from there.
Most people know that exposure to UV radiation can cause sun damage to the skin, including sunburn, photoaging, and increased risk of skin cancer. But did you know this damage also occurs when you walk from your house to your car or sit next to a window during the day? Even those little bits of exposure add up over the years and can cause wrinkles, dark spots and skin cancer
Sunscreen Decisions
There are several factors to consider when picking out a sunscreen:
How sunscreens work
Everyday sunscreen vs out-in-the-sun sunscreen
Using a sunscreen alone vs sunscreen plus moisturizer
Understanding the UV-index
How to be safe in the sun
Sunscreen Bottom Line
You've worked hard to take care of your skin by cleansing and moisturizing it. Don't undo all those benefits by exposing it to UV radiation. Find a good broad-spectrum sunscreen and make its application a part of your daily routine like brushing your teeth and bathing
Skin Care Tips For Your 30's
When you've reached your 30's, chances are good you've tried your fair share of products in hopes of having perfect skin. Maybe some of them worked for you, of course, some didn't. Then again, maybe you're only now just beginning to think about what the future holds in regards to your skin and you're trying to do all you can now to repair the lack of effort in your past
No matter the reason, today is as good as any day to start taking great care of your skin. And great care starts by knowing what skin type you fall in. Skin types vary by person, and can even vary depending on the seasons or even hormonal change. Once you see what skin type you are today, don't assume it will forever be your skin type. By giving your skin proper attention, you'll be able to see if you're starting to notice your skin getting drier or oilier as time goes on.
Daily Skin Care Basics
Now that you know your skin type, it's time to talk about what yous should be doing each day to properly take care of your skin. Create a skin care regime and make sure you do each step twice a day. I recommend a cleanser, toner and moisturizer. If you have oily or combination skin, stick with a gel based or foaming cleanser. Those of you with normal or dry skin will do best with a cream based cleanser. Toners are optional, but my personal results tell me that it works best for me. You can decide how you feel about toners and go from there.
SKIN CARE
Cleansing
Most of us know that cleansing is an important part of good skin care. The purpose of a cleanser, or soap, is to surround, loosen, and make it easy to remove dirt, debris, germs, excess oils, and left-over products applied to the skin. Unfortunately, there are harmful effects of cleansers on the skin.
Many people have dry skin because of their cleansing routines, not because their skin is normally dry. Often people think that their skin isn't clean unless it feels dry and tight after they wash it. People get used to the way their skin normally feels. They come to expect that they will haYou don't have to feel dry to be clean
You have good options
Use the mildest cleanser possible that still removes dirt, oil and debris ve dry, rough patches on the backs of their hands, itch in winter time, and sometimes have a dull complexion. They don't know that their choice of cleanser could be hurting their skin.
How do you know what type of cleanser to use and where? The first step is to understand your cleanser options:
Bar soaps - The most irritating cleansers but the best to get rid of dirt and grime
Liquid cleansers - A wide variety of tolerability - good for cleaning all but the oiliest skin
Facial cleansers - The mildest cleanser but may not remove oil and dirt as well
Cleansing Bottom Line
You don't have to feel dry to be clean
You have good options
Use the mildest cleanser possible that still removes dirt, oil and debris
Moisturizing
Moisturizing is an essential step in good skin care. A good moisturizer can stop the dry skin cycle from spiraling into cracked, thick, flaky skin. An effective moisturizer will have a combination of ingredients that:
Replenish the skin's natural ingredients that help maintain its structure
Cut down on damage from free-radicals
Help the cells function more normally
Good Moisturizer Ingredients
In the past, moisturizers were essentially water and wax mixtures that worked by trying to hold water in the skin. The only real difference between these moisturizers was how they "felt" to the consumer. Now there is complex science behind the new state-of-the-art moisturizers that are available. Some ingredients that you'll find in a state-of-the-art moisturizer are
Glycerol - Helps water and other moisturizer ingredients penetrate the skin to get where they are needed.
Ceramides - Help replenish the skin's natural oils.
Hydroxy Acids - Help with exfoliation of dead skin cells
Niacinamide - Helps the skin produce more natural oils, and may also help reverse the signs of sun-damaged skin, like brown spots and blotchiness
How to Choose a Moisturizer
Not all skin is the same, and not all moisturizers are the same. Picking out the best moisturizer for your skin depends on what your skin needs. Consider the following skin conditions when choosing a moisturizer:
Moisturizers for dry skin
Moisturizers for oily skin
Moisturizers for normal skin
Moisturizers for acne-prone skin
Moisturizers for red skin
Moisturizers for eczema, atopic dermatitis, or sensitive skin
Moisturizers with sunscreen
Most of us know that cleansing is an important part of good skin care. The purpose of a cleanser, or soap, is to surround, loosen, and make it easy to remove dirt, debris, germs, excess oils, and left-over products applied to the skin. Unfortunately, there are harmful effects of cleansers on the skin.
Many people have dry skin because of their cleansing routines, not because their skin is normally dry. Often people think that their skin isn't clean unless it feels dry and tight after they wash it. People get used to the way their skin normally feels. They come to expect that they will haYou don't have to feel dry to be clean
You have good options
Use the mildest cleanser possible that still removes dirt, oil and debris ve dry, rough patches on the backs of their hands, itch in winter time, and sometimes have a dull complexion. They don't know that their choice of cleanser could be hurting their skin.
How do you know what type of cleanser to use and where? The first step is to understand your cleanser options:
Bar soaps - The most irritating cleansers but the best to get rid of dirt and grime
Liquid cleansers - A wide variety of tolerability - good for cleaning all but the oiliest skin
Facial cleansers - The mildest cleanser but may not remove oil and dirt as well
Cleansing Bottom Line
You don't have to feel dry to be clean
You have good options
Use the mildest cleanser possible that still removes dirt, oil and debris
Moisturizing
Moisturizing is an essential step in good skin care. A good moisturizer can stop the dry skin cycle from spiraling into cracked, thick, flaky skin. An effective moisturizer will have a combination of ingredients that:
Replenish the skin's natural ingredients that help maintain its structure
Cut down on damage from free-radicals
Help the cells function more normally
Good Moisturizer Ingredients
In the past, moisturizers were essentially water and wax mixtures that worked by trying to hold water in the skin. The only real difference between these moisturizers was how they "felt" to the consumer. Now there is complex science behind the new state-of-the-art moisturizers that are available. Some ingredients that you'll find in a state-of-the-art moisturizer are
Glycerol - Helps water and other moisturizer ingredients penetrate the skin to get where they are needed.
Ceramides - Help replenish the skin's natural oils.
Hydroxy Acids - Help with exfoliation of dead skin cells
Niacinamide - Helps the skin produce more natural oils, and may also help reverse the signs of sun-damaged skin, like brown spots and blotchiness
How to Choose a Moisturizer
Not all skin is the same, and not all moisturizers are the same. Picking out the best moisturizer for your skin depends on what your skin needs. Consider the following skin conditions when choosing a moisturizer:
Moisturizers for dry skin
Moisturizers for oily skin
Moisturizers for normal skin
Moisturizers for acne-prone skin
Moisturizers for red skin
Moisturizers for eczema, atopic dermatitis, or sensitive skin
Moisturizers with sunscreen
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